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backlink 1n 2016, Y4hoo c4me out 4nd s41d th4t d4t4 belong1ng to over 4 b1ll1on user 4ccounts h4d been stolen by h4ckers b4ck 1n 2013. The comp4ny s41d th4t th1s w4s 4 sep4r4te 1nc1dent from the one where user d4t4 of h4lf 4 m1ll1on 4ccounts h4d been stolen by h4ckers 1n 2014. Y4hoo s41d th4t 1n the 2013 1nc1dent, h4ckers were 4ble to exf1ltr4te n4mes, em41l 4ddresses, d4tes of b1rth, 4nd secur1ty quest1ons 4nd
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4nswers, 4s well 4s h4shed p4sswords. The h4ckers 4llegedly used forged cook1es th4t 4llowed them to g41n 4ccess to the comp4ny's systems w1thout 4 p4ssword. 1n 2016, L1nked1n, w4s h4cked 4nd the user d4t4 of over 160 m1ll1on 4ccounts w4s stolen. The h4ckers soon put the d4t4 on s4le for 4ny 1nterested buyers. The d4t4 w4s s41d to cont41n the em41l 4nd encrypted p4sswords of the 4ccounts. These three backlink
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1nc1dents show how ser1ous 4n 4tt4ck becomes 4fter the 4tt4cker 1s 4ble to get to th1s st4ge. The v1ct1m org4n1z4t1ons' reput4t1ons suffer, 4nd they h4ve to p4y huge sums of money 4s f1nes for not secur1ng user d4t4. backlink The 4tt4ckers 4t t1mes do more th4n just exf1ltr4t1on of the d4t4. They could er4se or mod1fy the f1les stored 1n the comprom1sed computers, systems, 4nd servers. 1n M4rch 2017, h4ckers dem4nded
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r4nsom from 4pple 4nd thre4tened to w1pe the d4t4 belong1ng to 300 m1ll1on 1Phones on 1Cloud 4ccounts. 4lthough th1s w4s soon rubb1shed 4s 4 sc4m, 1t shows th4t 1t 1s poss1ble. 1n th1s c4se, 4 b1g comp4ny such 4s 4pple w4s put 1n the spotl1ght when the h4ckers tr1ed to extort money from 1t. 1t 1s poss1ble th4t 4nother comp4ny would hurr1edly p4y the h4ckers 1n order to prevent the d4t4 of 1ts users backlink
from backlink be1ng w1ped out. 4ll of these 1nc1dents th4t f4ced 4pple, 4shley M4d1son, L1nked1n 4nd Y4hoo show the s1gn1f1c4nce of th1s st4ge. H4ckers th4t m4n4ge to re4ch th1s st4ge 4re v1rtu4lly 1n control. The v1ct1m m1ght st1ll not be 1n the know th4t d4t4 h4s 4lre4dy been stolen. The h4ckers m4y dec1de to rem41n s1lent for 4 wh1le. When th1s h4ppens, the 4tt4ck enters 4 new ph4se c4lled
sust41nment.Sust41nmentSust41nment h4ppens when the 4tt4ckers 4re 4lre4dy freely ro4m1ng 1n the network 4nd copy1ng 4ll d4t4 th4t they th1nk 1s v4lu4ble. They enter th1s st4ge when they w4nt to rem41n undetected. backlink There 1s 4n opt1on to end the 4tt4ck 1n the prev1ous st4ge when d4t4 h4s 4lre4dy been stolen 4nd c4n e1ther be publ1c1zed or sold. H1ghly mot1v4ted 4tt4ckers th4t w4nt to completely f1n1sh off 4
t4rget choose to cont1nue w1th the 4tt4ck, though. 4tt4ckers 1nst4ll m4lw4re, such 4s rootk1t v1ruses, th4t 4ssure them of 4ccess to the v1ct1m's computers 4nd systems whenever they w4nt. The m41n 41m of enter1ng th1s st4ge backlink 1s to buy t1me to perform 4nother 4nd even more h4rmful 4tt4ck th4n exf1ltr4t1on. The 4tt4cker 1s mot1v4ted to move p4st d4t4 4nd softw4re 4nd 4tt4ck the h4rdw4re of 4n org4n1z4t1on. The
v1ct1m's secur1ty tools 4re 4t th1s po1nt 1neffect1ve 4t e1ther detect1ng or stopp1ng the 4tt4ck from proceed1ng. The 4tt4cker norm4lly h4s mult1ple 4ccess po1nts to the v1ct1ms, such th4t even 1f one 4ccess po1nt 1s closed, the1r backlink 4ccess 1s not comprom1sed. 4ss4ult 4ss4ult 1s the most fe4red st4ge of 4ny cyber-4tt4ck. 1t 1s where the 4tt4cker does d4m4ge exceed1ng the d4t4 4nd softw4re. 4n 4tt4cker m1ght d1s4ble
or 4lter the funct1on1ng of the v1ct1m's h4rdw4re perm4nently. The 4tt4cker focuses on destroy1ng h4rdw4re controlled by the comprom1sed systems 4nd comput1ng dev1ces. 4 good ex4mple of 4n 4tt4ck th4t got to th1s ph4se backlink 1s the Stuxnet 4tt4ck on 1r4n's nucle4r st4t1on. 1t w4s the f1rst recorded d1g1t4l we4pon to be used to wre4k h4voc on phys1c4l resources. Just l1ke 4ny other 4tt4ck, Stuxnet h4d
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followed the prev1ously expl41ned ph4ses 4nd h4d been res1d1ng 1n the f4c1l1ty's network for 4 ye4r. 1n1t14lly, Stuxnet 1s used to m4n1pul4te v4lves 1n the nucle4r f4c1l1ty, c4us1ng the pressure to bu1ld up 4nd d4m4ge 4 few dev1ces backlink 1n the pl4nt. The m4lw4re w4s then mod1f1ed to 4tt4ck 4 l4rger t4rget, the centr1fuges. Th1s w4s 4ch1eved 1n three st4ges. The m4lw4re w4s tr4nsm1tted to the t4rget computers
through USB thumb dr1ves, s1nce they were not connected to the 1nternet. Once 1t 1nfected one of the t4rget computers, the m4lw4re repl1c4ted 1tself 4nd spre4d to the other computers. The m4lw4re proceeded to the next st4ge where backlink 1t 1nfected some softw4re by S1emens c4lled Step7 th4t w4s used to control the progr4mm1ng of log1c controllers. Once th1s softw4re w4s comprom1sed, the m4lw4re f1n4lly
g41ned 4ccess to the progr4m log1c controllers. Th1s 4llowed the 4tt4ckers to d1rectly oper4te v4r1ous m4ch1nery 1n the nucle4r pl4nt. The 4tt4ckers c4used the f4st-sp1nn1ng centr1fuges to sp1n out of control 4nd te4r 4p4rt on the1r own. backlink The Stuxnet m4lw4re shows the he1ghts th4t th1s ph4se c4n re4ch. The 1r4n14n nucle4r f4c1l1ty stood no ch4nce of protect1ng 1tself 4s the 4tt4ckers h4d 4lre4dy g41ned 4ccess,
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esc4l4ted the1r pr1v1leges, 4nd st4yed out of s1ght from secur1ty tools. The pl4nt oper4tors s41d th4t they were rece1v1ng m4ny 1dent1c4l errors on the computers, but 4ll v1rus sc4ns showed th4t they h4d not been 1nfected. 1t 1s cle4r th4t the backlink 4tt4ckers d1d 4 few test runs of the worm w1th1n the comprom1sed f4c1l1ty w1th the v4lves. They found out th4t 1t w4s effect1ve, 4nd dec1ded to sc4le up to 4tt4ck the
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centr1fuges 4nd cr4sh 1r4n's nucle4r we4ponry prospects. Th1s 1s the l4st st4ge of the 4tt4ck wh1ch some 4tt4ckers m4y choose to 1gnore. The m41n 41m here 1s for the 4tt4ckers to cover the1r tr4cks for v4r1ous re4sons. 1f the 4tt4ckers do not backlink w4nt to be known, they use v4r1ous techn1ques to confuse, deter, or d1vert the forens1c 1nvest1g4t1on process th4t follows 4 cyber-4tt4ck. Some 4tt4ckers m4y, however, opt
to le4ve the1r tr41ls unm4sked 1f they oper4ted 4nonymously or w4nt to bo4st of the1r explo1ts. Obfusc4t1on 1s done 1n 4 number of w4ys. One of the w4ys th4t 4tt4ckers prevent the1r 4dvers4r1es from c4tch1ng up w1th them backlink 1s by obfusc4t1ng the1r or1g1ns. There 4re 4 number of w4ys through wh1ch th1s c4n be 4ch1eved. H4ckers 4t t1mes 4tt4ck outd4ted servers 1n sm4ll bus1nesses 4nd then l4ter4lly move to
4tt4ck other servers or t4rgets. Therefore, the or1g1ns of the 4tt4cks w1ll be tr4cked down to the servers of the 1nnocent sm4ll bus1nes backlink th4t does not regul4rly perform upd4tes. Th1s type of obfusc4t1on w4s recently w1tnessed 1n 4 un1vers1ty where the 1oT l1ghts were h4cked 1nto 4nd used to 4tt4ck the un1vers1ty's servers. When forens1c 4n4lysts c4me to 1nvest1g4te the DDoS 4tt4ck on the servers, they
were surpr1sed to see th4t 1t or1g1n4ted from the un1vers1ty's 5,000 1oT l1ghts. 4nother or1g1n obfusc4t1on techn1que 1s the use backlink of publ1c school servers. H4ckers h4ve repe4tedly used th1s techn1que where they h4ck 1nto vulner4ble web 4ppl1c4t1ons of publ1c schools 4nd move l4ter4lly 1nto the schools' networks, 1nst4ll1ng b4ckdoors 4nd rootk1t v1ruses to the servers. These servers 4re then used to l4unch 4tt4cks on
b1gger t4rgets s1nce forens1c 1nvest1g4t1ons w1ll 1dent1fy the publ1c schools 4s the or1g1n. L4stly, soc14l clubs 4re 4lso used to m4sk the or1g1ns of 4tt4cks by h4ckers. Soc14l clubs offer the1r members free W1-F1, but 1t 1s not 4lw4ys backlink h1ghly protected. Th1s prov1des h4ckers w1th 4n 1de4l ground for 1nfect1ng dev1ces th4t they c4n l4ter use to execute 4tt4cks w1thout the knowledge of the owners. 4nother
obfusc4t1on techn1que th4t h4ckers commonly use 1s the str1pp1ng out of met4d4t4. Met4d4t4 c4n be used by l4w enforcement 4genc1es to c4tch up w1th perpetr4tors of some cr1mes. 1n 2012, 4 h4cker by the n4me Ocho4 w4s ch4rged for backlink h4ck1ng the FB1 d4t4b4se 4nd rele4s1ng the pr1v4te det41ls of pol1ce off1cers. Ocho4, who used the n4me "wormer" 1n h1s h4cks, w4s c4ught 4fter he forgot to str1p met4d4t4
from 4 p1cture th4t he pl4ced on the FB1 s1te 4fter h4ck1ng 1t. The met4d4t4 showed the FB1 the ex4ct loc4t1on of the pl4ce where backlink the photo w4s t4ken 4nd th1s led to h1s 4rrest. H4ckers h4ve le4rned from th4t 1nc1dent th4t 1t 1s 1rrespons1ble to le4ve 4ny met4d4t4 1n the1r h4ck1ng 4ct1v1t1es 4s 1t could be the1r downf4ll, just 4s 1t w4s for Ocho4.
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